Module 3 - Strategic case studies in practice

ICH Q3D(R1) Guideline

F3 = 1 for reproductive studies in which the whole period of organogenesis is covered F3 = 2 for a 6-month study in rodents, or a 3.5-year study in non-rodents F3 = 5 for a 3-month study in rodents, or a 2-year study in non-rodents F3 = 10 for studies of a shorter duration In all cases, the higher factor has been used for study durations between the time points, e.g., a factor of 2 for a 9-month rodent study. F4 = A factor that may be applied in cases of severe toxicity, e.g., non-genotoxic carcinogenicity, neurotoxicity or teratogenicity. In studies of reproductive toxicity, the following factors are used: F4 = 1 for fetal toxicity associated with maternal toxicity F4 = 5 for fetal toxicity without maternal toxicity F4 = 5 for a teratogenic effect with maternal toxicity F4 = 10 for a teratogenic effect without maternal toxicity F5 = A variable factor that may be applied if the NOEL was not established F5 = 1 for a NOEL For most elements the NOAEL was used to set the oral PDE, using a F5 of 1, as the studies did not investigate the difference between a NOAEL and NOEL and the toxicities were not considered “adverse” at the dose selected for determining the PDE. The mass adjustment assumes an arbitrary adult human body mass for either sex of 50 kg. This relatively low mass provides an additional safety factor against the standard masses of 60 kg or 70 kg that are often used in this type of calculation. It is recognized that some patients weigh less than 50 kg; these patients are considered to be accommodated by the built-in safety factors used to determine a PDE and that lifetime studies were often used. For lead, the pediatric population is considered the most sensitive population, and data from this population were used to set the PDE. Therefore, the PDEs are considered appropriate for pharmaceuticals intended for pediatric populations. As an example of the application of Equation A.1.1, consider a toxicity study of cobalt in human volunteers as summarized in Tvermoes (Ref. 4). The NOAEL for polycythemia is 1 mg/day. The PDE for cobalt in this study is calculated as follows: F5 = 1-5 for a NOAEL F5 = 5-10 for a LOEL F5 = 10 for a Lowest-Observed-Adverse-Effect Level (LOAEL)

PDE = 1 mg/day /[1 x 10 x 2 x 1 x 1] = 0.05 mg/day= 50 µg/day In this example, F1 = 1 study in humans F2 = 10 to account for differences between individual humans F3 = 2 because the duration of the study was 90 days F4 = 1 because no severe toxicity was encountered F5 = 1 because a NOAEL was used

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