Module 3 - Strategic case studies in practice

ICH Q3D(R1) Guideline

COBALT

Summary of PDE for Cobalt

Cobalt (Co)

Oral

Parenteral

Inhalation

PDE (µg/day)

50

5.0

2.9

Introduction

Cobalt (Co) is a naturally-occurring element, often combined with other elements such as oxygen, sulfur, and arsenic. Cobalt is essential in the human body because it is an integral component of Vitamin B12 and functions as a co-enzyme for several enzymes critical in the synthesis of hemoglobin and the prevention of pernicious anemia. The average person receives about 11 µg Co/day in the diet (ATSDR, 2004). The Recommended Dietary Allowance of Vitamin B12 ranges from 0.7 to 2.4 µg/day (NAS, 2010), which corresponds to 0.03 to 0.1 µg of cobalt. No essential biological function of inorganic cobalt in the human body has been identified. Cobalt compounds (e.g., cobalt octanoate) are being used as catalysts in selective hydrogenation. The International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC, 2006) concluded that Cobalt sulfate and other soluble Co(2+) salts are possible human carcinogens (Group 2B). The data indicate the location of tumors is limited to the lung in rats and humans. Cobalt metal was positive for mutagenicity in vitro but negative for clastogenicity in vivo . The NTP concluded that there was clear evidence of carcinogenicity in male and female mice and rats (NTP, 2013). Human studies for carcinogenicity by inhalation are inconclusive and not classified for carcinogenicity (US EPA, 2000). Polycythemia is considered to be the most sensitive finding after repeated oral exposure to humans (ATSDR, 2004). Inhalation exposure of humans to cobalt has been associated with a severe and progressive respiratory disease known as hard-metal pneumoconiosis, as well as asthma and contact dermatitis (ATSDR, 2004; IARC, 2006). The oral PDE is based on the available human data. Polycythemia was a sensitive endpoint in humans after repeated oral exposure to 150 mg of cobalt chloride for 22 days (~1 mg Co/kg/day; WHO, 2006; ATSDR, 2004). Polycythemia or other effects were not observed in a study of 10 human volunteers (5 men and 5 women) ingesting 1 mg/Co per day as CoCl 2 for 88-90 days (Tvermoes et al , 2014). The oral PDE was determined on the basis of the NOAEL of 1 mg/day. Taking into account the modifying factors (F1-F5 as discussed in Appendix 1), the oral PDE is calculated as below: Safety Limiting Toxicity PDE – Oral Exposure

PDE = 1 mg/d / 1 x 10 x 2 x 1 x 1 = 0.05 mg/d = 50 µg/day

A factor of 2 was chosen for F3 because a short term human study was used to set the PDE.

PDE – Parenteral Exposure

No relevant data on parenteral exposure to cobalt compounds were found. The oral bioavailability of cobalt and inorganic cobalt compounds ranges from 18-97% (ATSDR, 2004). To account for the low oral bioavailability, the parenteral PDE was calculated by dividing the oral PDE by a modifying factor of 10 (as described in Section 3.1). The PDE for cobalt for parenteral exposure is:

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